The Netherlands have a lot of sports that have to do with water and wind, like sailing, windsurfing, kite buggying and so on.
You will need to leave Amsterdam to find them.
In town your most likely activity (other than raising your glass ) are canal-bikes and bicycle tours, and those are normally low activity actions.

London has the same problem, even more because the most active tours there are walking tours.

Scotland has a lot of outdoor activities, but check and book early, as October is the end of the season, and it is school holiday time too. (That is also true for the Netherlands.)

If you stay in hostels, ask there because they often have info on the local activities.
If you plan on using hotels, contact the tourist information in each town, (or country) for ideas.

But ten days is really short if you want to see two towns, a country and still have time to do things.
You will loose (most of) a day travel each time.
It might be better to make a choice and cut a stop out of the trip.

Added:
Wijk aan Zee and Bergen have beach activities outside the summer season, I do not know the address in Bergen, but for Wijk aan Zee contact:

When in Amsterdam, make sure to visit the museums like Rijks and Van Gogh. I don’t know if you’re into art or not, but you can check it out anyway. They’re grand, I was amazed by the masterpieces if nothing else, you can get cool little souvenirs in the museum shops
Waiters in Amsterdam have an irritating little habit of making you wait for at least 10 minutes before taking your order… but you get used to it.

And I see someone recommended absynthe. That’s a must! ;P

try this drink in amsterdam called absinthe, its illegal in most countires like here in the US , its like alcohol, weed and shrooms in one crazy mix! if u wont have any please bring me back some